diff --git a/frontend/src/components/ControlFeedback.vue b/frontend/src/components/ControlFeedback.vue
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b8f015
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/components/ControlFeedback.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import { computed } from 'vue'
+
+import { useControlInterface } from '@/composables/useControlInterface'
+
+const props = withDefaults(defineProps<{
+  compact?: boolean
+}>(), {
+  compact: false,
+})
+
+const {
+  activeSource,
+  activeSourceLabel,
+  commandLabel,
+  commandValues,
+  gamepadActive,
+  gamepadButtons,
+  gamepadConnected,
+  gamepadIndex,
+  gamepadLeftStick,
+  gamepadMapping,
+  gamepadName,
+  gamepadRightStick,
+  keyboardKeys,
+  keyboardTurbo,
+  lastServerMessage,
+  pressedKeysLabel,
+  socketLabel,
+  socketState,
+} = useControlInterface()
+
+const keyClusters = computed(() => {
+  const lookup = new Map(keyboardKeys.value.map((entry) => [entry.code, entry]))
+  return [
+    lookup.get('KeyW'),
+    lookup.get('KeyA'),
+    lookup.get('KeyS'),
+    lookup.get('KeyD'),
+    lookup.get('KeyQ'),
+    lookup.get('KeyE'),
+    lookup.get('ShiftLeft'),
+    lookup.get('Space'),
+  ].filter((entry): entry is NonNullable<typeof entry> => entry != null)
+})
+
+const commandBars = computed(() => [
+  {
+    label: 'Forward',
+    value: commandValues.value.lx,
+    max: 1.2,
+  },
+  {
+    label: 'Strafe',
+    value: commandValues.value.ly,
+    max: 0.4,
+  },
+  {
+    label: 'Turn',
+    value: commandValues.value.az,
+    max: 0.8,
+  },
+])
+
+function meterPosition(value: number, max: number) {
+  const normalized = Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, value / max))
+  return `${50 + normalized * 45}%`
+}
+
+function stickOffset(value: number) {
+  return `${value * 22}px`
+}
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <section class="feedback-shell" :class="{ compact }">
+    <div class="feedback-topline">
+      <div class="source-chip" :class="activeSource">
+        {{ activeSourceLabel }}
+      </div>
+      <div class="status-stack">
+        <span class="socket-chip" :class="socketState">{{ socketLabel }}</span>
+        <span class="server-text">{{ lastServerMessage }}</span>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="command-strip">
+      <div
+        v-for="bar in commandBars"
+        :key="bar.label"
+        class="command-card"
+      >
+        <div class="command-head">
+          <span>{{ bar.label }}</span>
+          <strong>{{ bar.value.toFixed(2) }}</strong>
+        </div>
+        <div class="command-meter">
+          <span class="center-line" />
+          <span class="command-dot" :style="{ left: meterPosition(bar.value, bar.max) }" />
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="feedback-grid" :class="{ compact }">
+      <section class="feedback-card">
+        <div class="card-head">
+          <div>
+            <p class="label">Keyboard</p>
+            <strong>{{ pressedKeysLabel }}</strong>
+          </div>
+          <span class="mode-chip" :class="{ hot: keyboardTurbo }">
+            {{ keyboardTurbo ? 'Turbo' : 'Normal' }}
+          </span>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="key-grid">
+          <span
+            v-for="key in keyClusters"
+            :key="key.code"
+            class="key-chip"
+            :class="{ active: key.pressed, wide: key.code === 'Space' || key.code === 'ShiftLeft' }"
+          >
+            {{ key.label }}
+          </span>
+        </div>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="feedback-card">
+        <div class="card-head">
+          <div>
+            <p class="label">Gamepad</p>
+            <strong>{{ gamepadConnected ? gamepadName : 'Waiting for controller' }}</strong>
+          </div>
+          <span class="mode-chip" :class="{ hot: gamepadActive }">
+            {{ gamepadConnected ? `#${gamepadIndex}` : 'Offline' }}
+          </span>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="subtle">
+          {{ gamepadConnected ? `mapping=${gamepadMapping || 'unknown'}` : 'Left stick drives, right stick turns, RB boosts, A stops.' }}
+        </p>
+
+        <div class="sticks">
+          <div class="stick-card">
+            <span>Left stick</span>
+            <div class="stick-pad">
+              <span class="crosshair crosshair-x" />
+              <span class="crosshair crosshair-y" />
+              <span
+                class="stick-dot"
+                :style="{
+                  transform: `translate(${stickOffset(gamepadLeftStick.x)}, ${stickOffset(gamepadLeftStick.y)})`,
+                }"
+              />
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="stick-card">
+            <span>Right stick</span>
+            <div class="stick-pad">
+              <span class="crosshair crosshair-x" />
+              <span class="crosshair crosshair-y" />
+              <span
+                class="stick-dot accent"
+                :style="{
+                  transform: `translate(${stickOffset(gamepadRightStick.x)}, ${stickOffset(gamepadRightStick.y)})`,
+                }"
+              />
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="button-grid">
+          <span
+            v-for="button in gamepadButtons"
+            :key="button.label"
+            class="button-chip"
+            :class="{ active: button.pressed }"
+          >
+            {{ button.label }}
+          </span>
+        </div>
+      </section>
+    </div>
+
+    <p v-if="!compact" class="summary">
+      Outgoing command: {{ commandLabel }}
+    </p>
+  </section>
+</template>
+
+<style scoped>
+.feedback-shell {
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 14px;
+}
+
+.feedback-shell.compact {
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+
+.feedback-topline {
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  gap: 12px;
+  align-items: start;
+}
+
+.status-stack {
+  display: grid;
+  justify-items: end;
+  gap: 6px;
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+
+.source-chip,
+.socket-chip,
+.mode-chip {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  min-height: 28px;
+  padding: 0 12px;
+  border-radius: 999px;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+
+.source-chip {
+  background: rgba(78, 224, 168, 0.16);
+  color: #86f0c7;
+}
+
+.source-chip.keyboard {
+  background: rgba(91, 122, 255, 0.18);
+  color: #d3dcff;
+}
+
+.source-chip.gamepad {
+  background: rgba(255, 176, 87, 0.18);
+  color: #ffd8a6;
+}
+
+.source-chip.idle {
+  background: rgba(133, 147, 169, 0.16);
+  color: #cad3e8;
+}
+
+.socket-chip {
+  background: rgba(40, 199, 111, 0.16);
+  color: #7ef0b5;
+}
+
+.socket-chip.connecting,
+.socket-chip.closed {
+  background: rgba(255, 176, 87, 0.18);
+  color: #ffd29b;
+}
+
+.server-text {
+  max-width: 320px;
+  color: #aeb9d2;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  text-align: right;
+  line-height: 1.4;
+  word-break: break-word;
+}
+
+.command-strip {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
+  gap: 10px;
+}
+
+.command-card,
+.feedback-card {
+  padding: 14px;
+  border-radius: 18px;
+  background: rgba(7, 14, 26, 0.86);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(133, 147, 169, 0.18);
+  backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
+}
+
+.command-head,
+.card-head {
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  gap: 12px;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+
+.command-head span,
+.label {
+  color: #8d99b3;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
+}
+
+.command-head strong,
+.card-head strong {
+  color: #f6f8fc;
+  font-size: 16px;
+}
+
+.command-meter {
+  position: relative;
+  height: 34px;
+  margin-top: 10px;
+  border-radius: 999px;
+  background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(255, 99, 99, 0.12), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05), rgba(78, 224, 168, 0.14));
+  border: 1px solid rgba(133, 147, 169, 0.16);
+}
+
+.center-line {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 4px;
+  bottom: 4px;
+  left: 50%;
+  width: 1px;
+  background: rgba(222, 232, 255, 0.28);
+}
+
+.command-dot {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 50%;
+  width: 16px;
+  height: 16px;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  background: radial-gradient(circle at 30% 30%, #fdfefe, #63e6a9 62%, #2d8e68 100%);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 16px rgba(99, 230, 169, 0.38);
+  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
+}
+
+.feedback-grid {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 1.2fr);
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+
+.feedback-grid.compact {
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr;
+}
+
+.subtle,
+.summary {
+  margin: 0;
+  color: #8d99b3;
+  line-height: 1.6;
+}
+
+.mode-chip {
+  background: rgba(133, 147, 169, 0.14);
+  color: #cad3e8;
+}
+
+.mode-chip.hot {
+  background: rgba(255, 176, 87, 0.18);
+  color: #ffd29b;
+}
+
+.key-grid,
+.button-grid {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  gap: 8px;
+  margin-top: 12px;
+}
+
+.key-chip,
+.button-chip {
+  min-width: 44px;
+  min-height: 42px;
+  padding: 0 12px;
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  background: rgba(10, 20, 37, 0.9);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(133, 147, 169, 0.18);
+  color: #dfe7fb;
+  font-size: 13px;
+  font-weight: 700;
+}
+
+.key-chip.wide {
+  min-width: 88px;
+}
+
+.key-chip.active,
+.button-chip.active {
+  background: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(91, 122, 255, 0.28), rgba(77, 212, 172, 0.28));
+  border-color: rgba(123, 196, 255, 0.6);
+  color: #ffffff;
+  box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(91, 122, 255, 0.22);
+}
+
+.sticks {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
+  gap: 12px;
+  margin-top: 12px;
+}
+
+.stick-card {
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 10px;
+}
+
+.stick-card span {
+  color: #aeb9d2;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
+}
+
+.stick-pad {
+  position: relative;
+  width: 84px;
+  height: 84px;
+  border-radius: 24px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(133, 147, 169, 0.18);
+  background: radial-gradient(circle at center, rgba(91, 122, 255, 0.12), rgba(4, 8, 15, 0.95));
+}
+
+.crosshair {
+  position: absolute;
+  background: rgba(222, 232, 255, 0.18);
+}
+
+.crosshair-x {
+  left: 14px;
+  right: 14px;
+  top: 50%;
+  height: 1px;
+  transform: translateY(-50%);
+}
+
+.crosshair-y {
+  top: 14px;
+  bottom: 14px;
+  left: 50%;
+  width: 1px;
+  transform: translateX(-50%);
+}
+
+.stick-dot {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 50%;
+  left: 50%;
+  width: 18px;
+  height: 18px;
+  margin: -9px 0 0 -9px;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  background: radial-gradient(circle at 30% 30%, #f8fdff, #63e6a9 58%, #2a7e5f 100%);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(99, 230, 169, 0.35);
+}
+
+.stick-dot.accent {
+  background: radial-gradient(circle at 30% 30%, #fffaf4, #ffb057 58%, #b06d21 100%);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(255, 176, 87, 0.34);
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 960px) {
+  .command-strip,
+  .feedback-grid,
+  .sticks {
+    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
+  }
+
+  .status-stack {
+    justify-items: start;
+  }
+
+  .feedback-topline,
+  .command-head,
+  .card-head {
+    flex-direction: column;
+    align-items: start;
+  }
+
+  .server-text {
+    text-align: left;
+  }
+}
+</style>
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/ControlPanel.vue b/frontend/src/components/ControlPanel.vue
index 74a9b23..c7ba0b1 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/ControlPanel.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/ControlPanel.vue
@@ -1,188 +1,5 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import { computed, onMounted, onUnmounted, ref } from 'vue'
-
-import { buildControlWebSocketUrl } from '@/lib/api'
-
-const TRACKED_KEYS = new Set(['KeyW', 'KeyS', 'KeyA', 'KeyD', 'KeyQ', 'KeyE', 'ShiftLeft', 'ShiftRight', 'Space'])
-
-const pressedKeys = ref<Set<string>>(new Set())
-const socketState = ref<'connecting' | 'open' | 'closed'>('connecting')
-const lastServerMessage = ref('waiting')
-
-let socket: WebSocket | null = null
-let sendTimer: number | null = null
-let reconnectTimer: number | null = null
-let manualClose = false
-
-function commandValues() {
-  const keys = pressedKeys.value
-  const turbo = keys.has('ShiftLeft') || keys.has('ShiftRight') ? 1.5 : 1.0
-
-  let lx = 0
-  let ly = 0
-  let az = 0
-
-  if (keys.has('KeyW')) lx += 0.8
-  if (keys.has('KeyS')) lx -= 0.8
-  if (keys.has('KeyA')) ly += 0.15
-  if (keys.has('KeyD')) ly -= 0.15
-  if (keys.has('KeyQ')) az += 0.4
-  if (keys.has('KeyE')) az -= 0.4
-
-  if (keys.has('Space')) {
-    lx = 0
-    ly = 0
-    az = 0
-  }
-
-  return [lx * turbo, ly * turbo, 0, 0, 0, az * turbo]
-}
-
-function packCommand(values: number[]) {
-  const buffer = new ArrayBuffer(24)
-  const view = new DataView(buffer)
-  values.forEach((value, index) => view.setFloat32(index * 4, value, true))
-  return buffer
-}
-
-function isZeroCommand(values: number[]) {
-  return values.every((value) => value === 0)
-}
-
-function sendCurrentCommand() {
-  if (socket == null || socket.readyState !== WebSocket.OPEN) {
-    return
-  }
-  socket.send(packCommand(commandValues()))
-}
-
-function stopSendLoop() {
-  if (sendTimer != null) {
-    window.clearInterval(sendTimer)
-    sendTimer = null
-  }
-}
-
-function refreshSendLoop() {
-  const values = commandValues()
-  stopSendLoop()
-  sendCurrentCommand()
-  if (isZeroCommand(values)) {
-    return
-  }
-  sendTimer = window.setInterval(() => {
-    sendCurrentCommand()
-  }, 50)
-}
-
-function clearCommands() {
-  pressedKeys.value = new Set()
-  refreshSendLoop()
-}
-
-function connectSocket() {
-  if (socket != null && (socket.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN || socket.readyState === WebSocket.CONNECTING)) {
-    return
-  }
-
-  manualClose = false
-  socketState.value = 'connecting'
-  socket = new WebSocket(buildControlWebSocketUrl())
-  socket.binaryType = 'arraybuffer'
-
-  socket.onopen = () => {
-    socketState.value = 'open'
-    lastServerMessage.value = 'connected'
-    refreshSendLoop()
-  }
-
-  socket.onmessage = (event) => {
-    if (typeof event.data === 'string') {
-      lastServerMessage.value = event.data
-    }
-  }
-
-  socket.onclose = () => {
-    socketState.value = 'closed'
-    stopSendLoop()
-    socket = null
-    if (manualClose) {
-      return
-    }
-    if (reconnectTimer != null) {
-      window.clearTimeout(reconnectTimer)
-    }
-    reconnectTimer = window.setTimeout(() => {
-      connectSocket()
-    }, 1000)
-  }
-}
-
-function disconnectSocket() {
-  manualClose = true
-  stopSendLoop()
-  if (reconnectTimer != null) {
-    window.clearTimeout(reconnectTimer)
-    reconnectTimer = null
-  }
-  socket?.close()
-  socket = null
-}
-
-function handleKeydown(event: KeyboardEvent) {
-  if (!TRACKED_KEYS.has(event.code)) {
-    return
-  }
-  if (event.target instanceof HTMLElement) {
-    const tag = event.target.tagName
-    if (tag === 'INPUT' || tag === 'TEXTAREA' || tag === 'SELECT') {
-      return
-    }
-  }
-
-  event.preventDefault()
-  const next = new Set(pressedKeys.value)
-  next.add(event.code)
-  pressedKeys.value = next
-  refreshSendLoop()
-}
-
-function handleKeyup(event: KeyboardEvent) {
-  if (!TRACKED_KEYS.has(event.code)) {
-    return
-  }
-
-  event.preventDefault()
-  const next = new Set(pressedKeys.value)
-  next.delete(event.code)
-  pressedKeys.value = next
-  refreshSendLoop()
-}
-
-const pressedKeyLabel = computed(() => Array.from(pressedKeys.value).sort().join(', ') || 'none')
-const socketLabel = computed(() => {
-  if (socketState.value === 'open') return 'ws open'
-  if (socketState.value === 'connecting') return 'connecting'
-  return 'reconnecting'
-})
-const commandLabel = computed(() => {
-  const [lx, ly, _lz, _ax, _ay, az] = commandValues()
-  return `lx=${lx.toFixed(2)} ly=${ly.toFixed(2)} az=${az.toFixed(2)}`
-})
-
-onMounted(() => {
-  connectSocket()
-  window.addEventListener('keydown', handleKeydown)
-  window.addEventListener('keyup', handleKeyup)
-  window.addEventListener('blur', clearCommands)
-})
-
-onUnmounted(() => {
-  window.removeEventListener('keydown', handleKeydown)
-  window.removeEventListener('keyup', handleKeyup)
-  window.removeEventListener('blur', clearCommands)
-  disconnectSocket()
-})
+import ControlFeedback from '@/components/ControlFeedback.vue'
 </script>
 
 <template>
@@ -190,27 +7,20 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
     <div class="panel-head">
       <div>
         <p class="eyebrow">Control</p>
-        <h2>Web Control</h2>
+        <h2>Control Feedback</h2>
       </div>
-      <span class="badge" :class="{ warm: socketState !== 'open' }">{{ socketLabel }}</span>
     </div>
 
-    <div class="grid">
-      <div class="stat-card">
-        <span>Pressed</span>
-        <strong>{{ pressedKeyLabel }}</strong>
-      </div>
-      <div class="stat-card">
-        <span>Command</span>
-        <strong>{{ commandLabel }}</strong>
-      </div>
-    </div>
+    <ControlFeedback />
 
     <p class="hint">
-      Keyboard mapping: <code>W/S</code> forward-back, <code>A/D</code> lateral, <code>Q/E</code> turn,
+      Keyboard mapping: <code>W/S</code> forward-back, <code>A/D</code> strafe, <code>Q/E</code> turn,
       <code>Shift</code> turbo, <code>Space</code> stop.
     </p>
-    <p class="hint subtle">Server: {{ lastServerMessage }}</p>
+    <p class="hint subtle">
+      Browser gamepad support is live here too: left stick drives, right stick turns,
+      <code>RB</code> boosts, <code>A</code> sends stop.
+    </p>
   </section>
 </template>
 
@@ -241,45 +51,6 @@ h2 {
   font-size: 24px;
 }
 
-.badge {
-  padding: 8px 12px;
-  border-radius: 999px;
-  background: rgba(40, 199, 111, 0.16);
-  color: #63e6a9;
-  font-size: 12px;
-  font-weight: 700;
-}
-
-.badge.warm {
-  background: rgba(255, 176, 87, 0.16);
-  color: #ffcf97;
-}
-
-.grid {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
-  gap: 12px;
-}
-
-.stat-card {
-  padding: 14px;
-  border-radius: 16px;
-  background: rgba(7, 14, 26, 0.78);
-  border: 1px solid rgba(133, 147, 169, 0.2);
-}
-
-.stat-card span {
-  display: block;
-  margin-bottom: 8px;
-  color: #8d99b3;
-  font-size: 12px;
-}
-
-.stat-card strong {
-  font-size: 18px;
-  word-break: break-word;
-}
-
 .hint {
   margin: 0;
   color: #d5dbee;
@@ -289,10 +60,4 @@ h2 {
 .hint.subtle {
   color: #96a5c3;
 }
-
-@media (max-width: 640px) {
-  .grid {
-    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
-  }
-}
 </style>
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/VideoPanel.vue b/frontend/src/components/VideoPanel.vue
index 6a701aa..3113805 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/VideoPanel.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/VideoPanel.vue
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import { computed, onMounted, onUnmounted, ref, watch } from 'vue'
 
+import ControlFeedback from '@/components/ControlFeedback.vue'
 import { buildVideoFrameUrl, fetchVideoStatus } from '@/lib/api'
 import type { VideoStatus } from '@/types'
 
@@ -164,6 +165,9 @@ watch([currentFps, canRequestFrames], () => {
       <div v-else class="video-placeholder">
         {{ placeholderText }}
       </div>
+      <div class="video-overlay">
+        <ControlFeedback compact />
+      </div>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stats">
@@ -250,6 +254,7 @@ h2 {
 }
 
 .video-shell {
+  position: relative;
   overflow: hidden;
   border-radius: 20px;
   border: 1px solid rgba(133, 147, 169, 0.28);
@@ -278,6 +283,32 @@ h2 {
     #02050d;
 }
 
+.video-overlay {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: auto 14px 14px 14px;
+  pointer-events: none;
+  padding-top: 120px;
+}
+
+.video-overlay :deep(.feedback-shell) {
+  pointer-events: auto;
+  padding: 14px;
+  border-radius: 22px;
+  background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(4, 8, 15, 0.08), rgba(4, 8, 15, 0.72));
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
+  box-shadow: 0 18px 36px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24);
+}
+
+.video-overlay :deep(.command-card),
+.video-overlay :deep(.feedback-card) {
+  background: rgba(6, 12, 22, 0.74);
+  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
+}
+
+.video-overlay :deep(.summary) {
+  display: none;
+}
+
 .stats {
   display: grid;
   grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
@@ -364,6 +395,11 @@ h2 {
 }
 
 @media (max-width: 720px) {
+  .video-overlay {
+    inset: auto 10px 10px 10px;
+    padding-top: 84px;
+  }
+
   .stats {
     grid-template-columns: 1fr;
   }
diff --git a/frontend/src/composables/useControlInterface.ts b/frontend/src/composables/useControlInterface.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..066e1af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/composables/useControlInterface.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,494 @@
+import { computed, onMounted, onUnmounted, ref } from 'vue'
+
+import { buildControlWebSocketUrl } from '@/lib/api'
+
+type SocketState = 'connecting' | 'open' | 'closed'
+type ControlSource = 'keyboard' | 'gamepad' | 'idle'
+type CommandTuple = [number, number, number, number, number, number]
+
+type KeyFeedback = {
+  code: string
+  label: string
+  pressed: boolean
+}
+
+type ButtonFeedback = {
+  label: string
+  pressed: boolean
+}
+
+const TRACKED_KEYS = ['KeyW', 'KeyS', 'KeyA', 'KeyD', 'KeyQ', 'KeyE', 'ShiftLeft', 'ShiftRight', 'Space']
+const KEY_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
+  KeyW: 'W',
+  KeyS: 'S',
+  KeyA: 'A',
+  KeyD: 'D',
+  KeyQ: 'Q',
+  KeyE: 'E',
+  ShiftLeft: 'Shift',
+  ShiftRight: 'Shift',
+  Space: 'Stop',
+}
+const GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LABELS = ['A', 'B', 'X', 'Y', 'LB', 'RB', 'LT', 'RT', 'Back', 'Start', 'LS', 'RS']
+
+const ZERO_COMMAND: CommandTuple = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
+const GAMEPAD_DEADZONE = 0.14
+const TURBO_MULTIPLIER = 1.5
+const COMMAND_SEND_INTERVAL_MS = 50
+const KEYBOARD_FORWARD_SPEED = 0.8
+const KEYBOARD_STRAFE_SPEED = 0.15
+const KEYBOARD_TURN_SPEED = 0.4
+
+const pressedKeys = ref<Set<string>>(new Set())
+const socketState = ref<SocketState>('connecting')
+const lastServerMessage = ref('waiting')
+const gamepadSupported = ref(false)
+const gamepadConnected = ref(false)
+const gamepadName = ref('No gamepad detected')
+const gamepadIndex = ref<number | null>(null)
+const gamepadMapping = ref('')
+const gamepadAxes = ref<number[]>([0, 0, 0, 0])
+const gamepadButtonPressed = ref<boolean[]>(Array.from({ length: GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LABELS.length }, () => false))
+const activeSource = ref<ControlSource>('idle')
+
+let socket: WebSocket | null = null
+let sendTimer: number | null = null
+let reconnectTimer: number | null = null
+let gamepadTimer: number | null = null
+let manualClose = false
+let consumerCount = 0
+let lastGamepadSignature = ''
+let lastCommandSignature = ''
+
+function normalizeAxis(raw: number) {
+  if (Math.abs(raw) < GAMEPAD_DEADZONE) {
+    return 0
+  }
+  const sign = raw >= 0 ? 1 : -1
+  return sign * ((Math.abs(raw) - GAMEPAD_DEADZONE) / (1 - GAMEPAD_DEADZONE))
+}
+
+function roundValue(value: number) {
+  return Math.round(value * 1000) / 1000
+}
+
+function packCommand(values: CommandTuple) {
+  const buffer = new ArrayBuffer(24)
+  const view = new DataView(buffer)
+  values.forEach((value, index) => view.setFloat32(index * 4, value, true))
+  return buffer
+}
+
+function isZeroCommand(values: CommandTuple) {
+  return values.every((value) => Math.abs(value) < 0.0001)
+}
+
+function commandSignature(values: CommandTuple, source: ControlSource) {
+  return `${source}:${values.map((value) => value.toFixed(3)).join(',')}`
+}
+
+function activeTurnAxis() {
+  const axis2 = normalizeAxis(gamepadAxes.value[2] ?? 0)
+  const axis3 = normalizeAxis(gamepadAxes.value[3] ?? 0)
+  return Math.abs(axis2) >= Math.abs(axis3) ? axis2 : axis3
+}
+
+function keyboardCommandValues(): CommandTuple {
+  const keys = pressedKeys.value
+  const turbo = keys.has('ShiftLeft') || keys.has('ShiftRight') ? TURBO_MULTIPLIER : 1
+
+  let lx = 0
+  let ly = 0
+  let az = 0
+
+  if (keys.has('KeyW')) lx += KEYBOARD_FORWARD_SPEED
+  if (keys.has('KeyS')) lx -= KEYBOARD_FORWARD_SPEED
+  if (keys.has('KeyA')) ly += KEYBOARD_STRAFE_SPEED
+  if (keys.has('KeyD')) ly -= KEYBOARD_STRAFE_SPEED
+  if (keys.has('KeyQ')) az += KEYBOARD_TURN_SPEED
+  if (keys.has('KeyE')) az -= KEYBOARD_TURN_SPEED
+
+  if (keys.has('Space')) {
+    return ZERO_COMMAND
+  }
+
+  return [
+    roundValue(lx * turbo),
+    roundValue(ly * turbo),
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    roundValue(az * turbo),
+  ]
+}
+
+function gamepadCommandValues(): CommandTuple {
+  if (!gamepadConnected.value) {
+    return ZERO_COMMAND
+  }
+
+  const buttons = gamepadButtonPressed.value
+  const turbo = buttons[5] ? TURBO_MULTIPLIER : 1
+
+  if (buttons[0]) {
+    return ZERO_COMMAND
+  }
+
+  const lx = roundValue(-normalizeAxis(gamepadAxes.value[1] ?? 0) * KEYBOARD_FORWARD_SPEED * turbo)
+  const ly = roundValue(-normalizeAxis(gamepadAxes.value[0] ?? 0) * KEYBOARD_STRAFE_SPEED * turbo)
+  const az = roundValue(-activeTurnAxis() * KEYBOARD_TURN_SPEED * turbo)
+
+  return [lx, ly, 0, 0, 0, az]
+}
+
+function keyboardActive() {
+  return pressedKeys.value.size > 0
+}
+
+function gamepadActiveInternal() {
+  if (!gamepadConnected.value) {
+    return false
+  }
+  return !isZeroCommand(gamepadCommandValues()) || gamepadButtonPressed.value.some(Boolean)
+}
+
+function resolvedSource(): ControlSource {
+  if (keyboardActive()) {
+    return 'keyboard'
+  }
+  if (gamepadActiveInternal()) {
+    return 'gamepad'
+  }
+  return 'idle'
+}
+
+function resolvedCommandValues(): CommandTuple {
+  const source = resolvedSource()
+  activeSource.value = source
+  if (source === 'keyboard') {
+    return keyboardCommandValues()
+  }
+  if (source === 'gamepad') {
+    return gamepadCommandValues()
+  }
+  return ZERO_COMMAND
+}
+
+function stopSendLoop() {
+  if (sendTimer != null) {
+    window.clearInterval(sendTimer)
+    sendTimer = null
+  }
+}
+
+function sendCurrentCommand() {
+  if (socket == null || socket.readyState !== WebSocket.OPEN) {
+    return
+  }
+  socket.send(packCommand(resolvedCommandValues()))
+}
+
+function refreshSendLoop(force = false) {
+  const source = resolvedSource()
+  const values = resolvedCommandValues()
+  const signature = commandSignature(values, source)
+
+  if (!force && signature === lastCommandSignature) {
+    return
+  }
+  lastCommandSignature = signature
+
+  stopSendLoop()
+  if (socket == null || socket.readyState !== WebSocket.OPEN) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  sendCurrentCommand()
+  if (isZeroCommand(values)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  sendTimer = window.setInterval(() => {
+    sendCurrentCommand()
+  }, COMMAND_SEND_INTERVAL_MS)
+}
+
+function clearKeyboardCommands() {
+  pressedKeys.value = new Set()
+  refreshSendLoop()
+}
+
+function handleKeydown(event: KeyboardEvent) {
+  if (!TRACKED_KEYS.includes(event.code)) {
+    return
+  }
+  if (event.target instanceof HTMLElement) {
+    const tag = event.target.tagName
+    if (tag === 'INPUT' || tag === 'TEXTAREA' || tag === 'SELECT') {
+      return
+    }
+  }
+
+  event.preventDefault()
+  const next = new Set(pressedKeys.value)
+  next.add(event.code)
+  pressedKeys.value = next
+  refreshSendLoop()
+}
+
+function handleKeyup(event: KeyboardEvent) {
+  if (!TRACKED_KEYS.includes(event.code)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  event.preventDefault()
+  const next = new Set(pressedKeys.value)
+  next.delete(event.code)
+  pressedKeys.value = next
+  refreshSendLoop()
+}
+
+function resetGamepadState() {
+  gamepadConnected.value = false
+  gamepadName.value = 'No gamepad detected'
+  gamepadIndex.value = null
+  gamepadMapping.value = ''
+  gamepadAxes.value = [0, 0, 0, 0]
+  gamepadButtonPressed.value = Array.from({ length: GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LABELS.length }, () => false)
+}
+
+function pollGamepadState() {
+  gamepadSupported.value = typeof navigator !== 'undefined' && typeof navigator.getGamepads === 'function'
+  if (!gamepadSupported.value) {
+    resetGamepadState()
+    refreshSendLoop()
+    return
+  }
+
+  const pad = Array.from(navigator.getGamepads()).find((entry): entry is Gamepad => entry != null)
+
+  if (pad == null) {
+    if (gamepadConnected.value) {
+      resetGamepadState()
+      lastGamepadSignature = ''
+      refreshSendLoop()
+    }
+    return
+  }
+
+  const axes = Array.from({ length: 4 }, (_, index) => roundValue(normalizeAxis(pad.axes[index] ?? 0)))
+  const buttons = GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LABELS.map((_, index) => Boolean(pad.buttons[index]?.pressed))
+  const signature = `${pad.index}:${pad.id}:${pad.mapping}:${axes.join(',')}:${buttons.map((pressed) => (pressed ? '1' : '0')).join('')}`
+
+  if (signature === lastGamepadSignature) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  lastGamepadSignature = signature
+  gamepadConnected.value = true
+  gamepadName.value = pad.id || 'Unnamed gamepad'
+  gamepadIndex.value = pad.index
+  gamepadMapping.value = pad.mapping || 'unknown'
+  gamepadAxes.value = axes
+  gamepadButtonPressed.value = buttons
+  refreshSendLoop()
+}
+
+function connectSocket() {
+  if (socket != null && (socket.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN || socket.readyState === WebSocket.CONNECTING)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  manualClose = false
+  socketState.value = 'connecting'
+  socket = new WebSocket(buildControlWebSocketUrl())
+  socket.binaryType = 'arraybuffer'
+
+  socket.onopen = () => {
+    socketState.value = 'open'
+    lastServerMessage.value = 'control link live'
+    refreshSendLoop(true)
+  }
+
+  socket.onmessage = (event) => {
+    if (typeof event.data === 'string') {
+      lastServerMessage.value = event.data
+    }
+  }
+
+  socket.onclose = () => {
+    socketState.value = 'closed'
+    stopSendLoop()
+    socket = null
+    if (manualClose) {
+      return
+    }
+    if (reconnectTimer != null) {
+      window.clearTimeout(reconnectTimer)
+    }
+    reconnectTimer = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      connectSocket()
+    }, 1000)
+  }
+}
+
+function disconnectSocket() {
+  manualClose = true
+  stopSendLoop()
+  if (reconnectTimer != null) {
+    window.clearTimeout(reconnectTimer)
+    reconnectTimer = null
+  }
+  socket?.close()
+  socket = null
+}
+
+function startGamepadLoop() {
+  if (gamepadTimer != null) {
+    window.clearInterval(gamepadTimer)
+  }
+  pollGamepadState()
+  gamepadTimer = window.setInterval(() => {
+    pollGamepadState()
+  }, COMMAND_SEND_INTERVAL_MS)
+}
+
+function stopGamepadLoop() {
+  if (gamepadTimer != null) {
+    window.clearInterval(gamepadTimer)
+    gamepadTimer = null
+  }
+}
+
+function attachGlobalListeners() {
+  connectSocket()
+  startGamepadLoop()
+  window.addEventListener('keydown', handleKeydown)
+  window.addEventListener('keyup', handleKeyup)
+  window.addEventListener('blur', clearKeyboardCommands)
+  window.addEventListener('gamepadconnected', pollGamepadState)
+  window.addEventListener('gamepaddisconnected', pollGamepadState)
+}
+
+function detachGlobalListeners() {
+  window.removeEventListener('keydown', handleKeydown)
+  window.removeEventListener('keyup', handleKeyup)
+  window.removeEventListener('blur', clearKeyboardCommands)
+  window.removeEventListener('gamepadconnected', pollGamepadState)
+  window.removeEventListener('gamepaddisconnected', pollGamepadState)
+  clearKeyboardCommands()
+  stopGamepadLoop()
+  disconnectSocket()
+}
+
+function mountConsumer() {
+  consumerCount += 1
+  if (consumerCount === 1) {
+    attachGlobalListeners()
+  }
+}
+
+function unmountConsumer() {
+  consumerCount = Math.max(consumerCount - 1, 0)
+  if (consumerCount === 0) {
+    detachGlobalListeners()
+  }
+}
+
+const socketLabel = computed(() => {
+  if (socketState.value === 'open') return 'ws open'
+  if (socketState.value === 'connecting') return 'connecting'
+  return 'reconnecting'
+})
+
+const activeSourceLabel = computed(() => {
+  if (activeSource.value === 'keyboard') return 'Keyboard'
+  if (activeSource.value === 'gamepad') return 'Gamepad'
+  return 'Idle'
+})
+
+const commandValues = computed(() => {
+  const [lx, ly, lz, ax, ay, az] = resolvedCommandValues()
+  return { lx, ly, lz, ax, ay, az }
+})
+
+const commandLabel = computed(() => {
+  const { lx, ly, az } = commandValues.value
+  return `lx=${lx.toFixed(2)} ly=${ly.toFixed(2)} az=${az.toFixed(2)}`
+})
+
+const commandMagnitude = computed(() => {
+  const { lx, ly, az } = commandValues.value
+  return Math.min(
+    1,
+    Math.max(
+      Math.abs(lx) / KEYBOARD_FORWARD_SPEED,
+      Math.abs(ly) / KEYBOARD_STRAFE_SPEED,
+      Math.abs(az) / KEYBOARD_TURN_SPEED,
+    ),
+  )
+})
+
+const pressedKeysLabel = computed(() => Array.from(pressedKeys.value).sort().join(', ') || 'none')
+
+const keyboardKeys = computed<KeyFeedback[]>(() =>
+  TRACKED_KEYS.map((code) => ({
+    code,
+    label: KEY_LABELS[code] ?? code,
+    pressed: pressedKeys.value.has(code),
+  })),
+)
+
+const keyboardTurbo = computed(() => pressedKeys.value.has('ShiftLeft') || pressedKeys.value.has('ShiftRight'))
+
+const gamepadButtons = computed<ButtonFeedback[]>(() =>
+  GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LABELS.map((label, index) => ({
+    label,
+    pressed: gamepadButtonPressed.value[index] ?? false,
+  })),
+)
+
+const gamepadLeftStick = computed(() => ({
+  x: gamepadAxes.value[0] ?? 0,
+  y: gamepadAxes.value[1] ?? 0,
+}))
+
+const gamepadRightStick = computed(() => ({
+  x: activeTurnAxis(),
+  y: gamepadAxes.value[3] ?? 0,
+}))
+
+export function useControlInterface() {
+  onMounted(() => {
+    mountConsumer()
+  })
+
+  onUnmounted(() => {
+    unmountConsumer()
+  })
+
+  return {
+    socketState,
+    socketLabel,
+    lastServerMessage,
+    activeSource,
+    activeSourceLabel,
+    commandValues,
+    commandLabel,
+    commandMagnitude,
+    pressedKeysLabel,
+    keyboardKeys,
+    keyboardTurbo,
+    keyboardActive: computed(() => keyboardActive()),
+    gamepadSupported,
+    gamepadConnected,
+    gamepadName,
+    gamepadIndex,
+    gamepadMapping,
+    gamepadButtons,
+    gamepadLeftStick,
+    gamepadRightStick,
+    gamepadAxes,
+    gamepadActive: computed(() => gamepadActiveInternal()),
+  }
+}